Vertical deflection arrangement with S-correction

ABSTRACT

A differential amplifier formed by a pair of transistor couples a vertical sawtooth signal to an input side of a vertical deflection amplifier. Nonlinearity of the transistor pair provides linearity or S-correction in the vertical direction.

The invention relates to a video display deflection apparatus.

A wide screen television as described, for example, in published International Application No. PCT/US 91/03822, entitled WIDESCREEN TELEVISION, the inventors being Rodriguez-Cavazos, et al., may have a format display or aspect ratio of 16×9. The deflection angle in the vertical direction is smaller than in a display having an aspect ratio of 4×3. Therefore, in a display such as that of the aforementioned wide screen television the amount of linearity or S-correction in the vertical direction may not be as large. Consequently, the S-correction circuitry may be simplified.

Typically, a ramping vertical trace portion of a sawtooth signal is applied via a vertical deflection operation in a closed-loop negative feedback manner to control a ramping vertical trace portion of a vertical deflection current. The sawtooth signal is synchronized to vertical sync pulses of a video signal.

In a circuit embodying an inventive feature, a differential amplifier is formed by a pair of transistors. The pair of transistors couples a vertical sawtooth signal to the vertical deflection amplifier. Nonlinearity of the transistor pair provides linearity or S-correction.

A video deflection apparatus embodying an aspect of the invention includes a vertical deflection winding mounted on a neck of a cathode ray tube. A deflection amplifier generates a vertical deflection current in the deflection winding. A source of a sawtooth signal at a frequency that is related to a vertical deflection frequency that varies in a ramping manner during trace is provided. A first transistor responsive to the sawtooth signal is coupled to an input side of the deflection amplifier. The sawtooth signal controls the deflection current via the transistor in a ramping manner in accordance with the ramping manner variation of the sawtooth signal. A ratio between the deflection current and the sawtooth signal varies during trace in accordance with a nonlinearity introduced by the transistor to provide for vertical S-correction in the cathode ray tube.

FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c illustrate a vertical deflection circuit, embodying an aspect of the invention;

FIGS. 2a-2e illustrate idealized waveforms useful for explaining the operation of the arrangement of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3a-3d illustrate waveforms useful for explaining the operation of the arrangement of FIG. 1 when top panning is provided;

FIG. 4 illustrates in a graphical form the way a gain of a differential amplifier of FIG. 1b that provides S-correction varies as a function of input voltage;

FIG. 5 illustrates in a graphical form the way linearity error changes as a function of vertical position in the arrangement of FIG. 1b;

FIG. 6 illustrates in a graphical form the way the linearity error changes if S-correction were not provided; and

FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate waveforms useful for explaining the operation of the arrangement of FIG. 1 when bottom panning is provided.

FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c illustrate a vertical deflection circuit, embodying an aspect of the invention that includes a sawtooth generator 100. A vertical synchronizing signal SYNC of FIG. 1a is coupled to a vertical timing generator 10. Signal SYNC is produced by a video detector 9 of a television receiver that processes a baseband television signal SNTSC, conforming to the NTSC standard, for example. Signal SNTSC contains, between consecutively occurring signals SYNC, 2621/2 horizontal video lines that define a given picture image interval IMAGE of signal SNTSC. In NTSC type signal, the image interval contains the picture information of a single picture field. However, in a high definition television signal, not shown, the image interval may contain the picture information of, for example, a complete picture frame.

Generator 10 includes a microprocessor 10a that generates a vertical cycle synchronizing pulse signal A. Under user's control, microprocessor 10a generates pulse signal A of FIG. 2a that is delayed by a controllable amount TD relative to pulse signal SYNC of FIG. 2e. Similar symbols and numerals in FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c and in FIGS. 2a-2e, that provide idealized waveforms, indicate similar items or functions. The amount by which pulse signal A of FIG. 2a is delayed varies in accordance with the degree of panning that is required by the user. To produce signal A, the information of sync pulse SYNC that occurs immediately prior to the display of the picture information of the present vertical field is used.

Signal A of FIG. 1a is coupled to a pulse stretcher one-shot or multivibrator flip-flop 10b that generates, through a transistor Q03, a vertical rate pulse signal VRESET, as shown in FIG. 2c. Signal VRESET has a pulse width that is equal to about the length of 14 horizontal video lines. Signal VRESET is coupled to a base of a transistor switch U01A of FIG. 1b. Transistor switch U01A is coupled across a capacitor C03 having a terminal that is at ground potential. In each vertical deflection cycle, signal VRESET causes a voltage VSAW across capacitor C03 to be clamped to zero volts and to maintain voltage VSAW at the zero volts level as long as pulse signal VRESET is generated. A leading edge LEVRESET of signal VRESET of FIG. 2c initiates vertical retrace, as explained later on.

Immediately after the occurrence of trailing edge TEVRESET, transistor U01A of FIG. 1b becomes nonconductive. A D.C. current IURAMP, produced in a collector of a transistor U06A of a voltage-to-current (V/I) converter 21, charges capacitor C03 to produce a ramping trace portion TRACE of sawtooth voltage VSAW, shown there. The rate of change of voltage VSAW is determined by the magnitude of controllable collector current IURAMP of transistor U06A.

V/I converter 21 is controlled by an analog voltage ZOOM that is produced in a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 10a1 of FIG. 1a. D/A converter 10a1 is controlled by microprocessor 10a. Voltage ZOOM determines the degree of zoom that is required by the user in a manner to vary the rate of change of a vertical deflection current iy of FIG. 1c.

Voltage ZOOM of FIG. 1b is coupled via a resistor R49 of FIG. 1b to an emitter of a current control transistor Q07. An adjustable voltage V-SIZE that may be adjusted manually using a potentiometer, not shown, is coupled via resistor R22 to the emitter of transistor Q07 for picture height service adjustment purposes. In addition, a D.C. supply voltage of +12 V is coupled to the emitter of transistor Q07 via a resistor R21. The base of transistor Q07 is coupled to a diode CR02 that develops a temperature compensating base voltage equal to the forward voltage of diode CR02. The voltages that are coupled via resistors R21, R22 and R49 produce a collector current in transistor Q07 that develops a base voltage at a base of current source transistor U06A. The base voltage of transistor U06A, that is determined by the collector current of transistor Q07, is developed in a series arrangement of a temperature compensating transistor U06C, coupled as a diode, and a resistor R14.

A resistor R16 is coupled between the emitter of transistor U06A and a -9 V supply voltage. A transistor U06B has a base voltage that is equal to the base voltage of transistor U06A. A potentiometer resistor R43 is coupled between the emitter of transistor U06B and the -9 V voltage. A resistor R18 is coupled between the emitter of transistor U06A and an adjustable moveable contact TAP of resistor R43.

When contact TAP is adjusted to be close to a junction between the emitter of transistor U06B and resistor R43, resistor R18 has no effect on the emitter current in transistor U06A, because the emitter voltage of transistor U06B is equal to that of transistor U06A. On the other hand, when contact TAP is adjusted to be close to the other end of resistor 43, resistor R18 is coupled in parallel with resistor R16. The adjustment of potentiometer resistor R43 varies the current gain of V/I converter 21. In this way, tolerances of sawtooth voltage producing capacitor C03 can be, advantageously, compensated.

Voltage VSAW is coupled to the base of a transistor U01B of a differential pair that also includes a transistor U01C. The base voltage of transistor U01C is developed in a resistor R09 having a terminal that is at ground potential. The values of resistor R09 and of a current IO flowing in it determine the base voltage of transistor U01C. The base voltage of transistor U01C tracks variation of height adjustment voltage V-SIZE in a manner to maintain vertical centering unaffected. Current IO determines the level of voltage VSAW that produces approximately zero vertical deflection current, as explained later on.

To develop current IO, a V/I converter 21A that is similar to V/I convertor 21 is utilized. A transistor Q09 produces a collector current that tracks a collector current in transistor Q07, when an adjustment in height adjustment voltage V-SIZE is made. Voltage V-SIZE is coupled to the emitters of transistors Q07 and Q09 via resistors R22 and R56, respectively. The base voltages of transistors Q09 and Q07 are equal. Transistor U02B and resistor R06 form a temperature compensated main load with respect to the collector current of transistor Q09. Similar load with respect to the collector current of transistor Q07 is formed by the network formed by transistor U06C and resistor R14. A transistor U02A of V/I converter 21A produces current IO. Advantageously, current IO tracks variations in current IURAMP of transistor UO6A in a way to maintain vertical centering unaffected when a change in height adjustment voltage V-SIZE occurs. The tracking occurs because of circuit symmetry, for example, the symmetry with respect to transistors U06A and U02A. A transistor U02C produces the emitter currents of transistors U01C and U01B. An emitter resistor R17 establishes the value of a base voltage-to-collector current ratio in transistor U02A. A resistor R49A couples a voltage CENTER, generated in a D/A converter 10a2 of FIG. 1A, to the emitter of transistor Q09. Voltage CENTER is controlled in a manner to produce approximately equal collector currents in transistors Q09 and Q07 when the zoom mode is not selected. Voltage CENTER compensates for a non-zero offset value of voltage ZOOM when the zoom mode is not selected.

The base voltage of transistor U01C of FIG. 1b is controlled by current IO. The values of resistor R09 and current IO are selected in such a way that the base voltage of transistor U01C is made equal to the level of voltage VSAW at the base of transistor U01B at the vertical center, when the regular, non-zoom mode is selected. Advantageously, as a result of tracking between V/I converters 21 and 21A, any change in size adjustment voltage V-SIZE and in the 12 V supply voltage does not affect a ratio between currents IO and IURAMP. The resulting variations in currents IO and IURAMP maintain the base voltage of transistor U10C at the level of sawtooth voltage VSAW that corresponds to vertical center for each level of voltage V-SIZE and of the 12 V supply voltage. Therefore, vertical centering is, advantageously, unaffected by adjustment of voltage V-SIZE that is used for adjusting picture height.

The emitters of transistors U01B and U01C are coupled via emitter resistors R07 and R08, respectively, to a collector of transistor U02C that controls the sum of the emitter currents. The base voltage of transistor U02C is the same as that of transistor U02A. During vertical trace, the emitter voltage of transistor U02C, that is approximately equal to that of transistor U02B, produces an emitter current in transistor U02C that is determined by a parallel arrangement of a resistor R05 and a resistor R05A.

Resistor R05A of FIG. 1b is coupled across resistor R05 via a switching transistor Q2C that in the zoom mode of operation of FIG. 2d is nonconductive during interval t1-t2. During vertical trace, such as interval t0-t1, for zoom mode of operation, transistors U01B and U01C form a differential amplifier. The collector currents of transistors U01B and U01C develop, in corresponding collector resistors, voltages that are coupled via emitter follower transistors 71 and 70 to develop sawtooth signals VRAMP2 and VRAMP1, respectively.

FIGS. 3a-3d illustrate waveforms useful for explaining the operation of the arrangement of FIG. 1. Similar symbols and numerals in FIGS. 1a-1c, 2a-2c and 3a-3d indicate similar items or functions.

Signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 of FIGS. 3b and 3c, respectively, are complementary signals that change in opposite directions during vertical trace interval t0-t1. The waveforms of FIGS. 3b and 3c that are drawn in solid lines occur in the zoom mode of operation; whereas, the waveforms in broken lines occur in the regular or non-zoom mode of operation. Vertical trace occurs between, for example, time t0 and t1 when the zoom mode is selected, and between time t0 and time t2 when the zoom mode is not selected, as shown in the waveforms of FIGS. 3a-3c.

A D.C. coupled deflection circuit 11 of FIG. 1c, is controlled by signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2. In circuit 11, a deflection winding Ly provides vertical deflection in a cathode ray tube (CRT) 22 of the type W86EDV093X710 having an aspect ratio of 16×9.

Winding Ly is coupled in series with a deflection current sampling resistor R80. Winding Ly and resistor R80 of FIG. 1c form a series arrangement that is coupled between an output terminal 11b of an amplifier 11a and a junction terminal 11c of a power supply decoupling capacitor Cb. A resistor R70 couples to terminal 11c via an emitter follower transistor Q46, a supply voltage V+ of, for example, +26 volts. Transistor Q46 produces a D.C. voltage at terminal 11c that is equal to about one-half of voltage V+. A junction terminal 11d, coupled between winding Ly and resistor R80, is coupled via a feedback resistor R60 to an inverting input terminal of amplifier 11a. Terminal 11c of resistor R80 is coupled via a resistor R30 to a noninverting input terminal of amplifier 11a. In this way, a negative feedback voltage that is developed across resistor R80 is applied to the input terminals of amplifier 11a. Complementary sawtooth signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 are coupled via resistors R40 and R50, respectively, to the noninverting and inverting input terminals, respectively, of amplifier 11a for controlling deflection current iy. Differences between signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 due to components mismatch or offset voltage tolerances, for example, are compensated by a potentiometer 88 that is coupled between the collectors of transistors U01B and U01C. The vertical trace portion of deflection current iy in winding Ly begins at time t0 of FIG. 2c of signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 of FIG. 1c.

In carrying out an aspect of the invention, transistors U01C and U01B of FIG. 1b provide vertical S-correction in CRT 22. S-correction is obtained as a result of operation in a nonlinear region in transistors U01C and U01B. Transistor characteristics cause the signal gain of the differential amplifier formed by transistors U01C and U01B to be smaller, at the beginning and end of vertical trace, when the current in a corresponding one of the transistors is small, than at the center of trace. At the top of vertical trace, when voltage VSAW is at a peak value, the current in transistor U01C is substantially smaller than at the center of vertical trace. Therefore, an equivalent emitter resistance of transistor U01C is larger. Consequently, the voltage gain of the differential amplifier formed by transistors U01C and U01B is smaller than at the vertical center. Similarly, at the bottom of vertical trace, when voltage VSAW is at a minimum, the current in transistor U01B is substantially smaller than at the vertical center. Therefore, an equivalent emitter resistance of transistor U01B is larger and the gain of the differential amplifier is also smaller than at the vertical center.

FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation of the way the large signal gain of the differential amplifier formed by transistors U01B and U01C varies as a function of voltage VSAW of FIG. 1b. The large signal gain is normalized to a maximum value, that is equal to the small signal gain at the center of vertical trace. Thus, when the instantaneous value of voltage VSAW of FIG. 4 is equal to its average value, at the center of vertical trace, the normalized gain is equal to 1. Advantageously, when voltage VSAW is at a maximum magnitude, at the top end or bottom end of vertical trace, the normalized gain is reduced and becomes equal to approximately 0.9.

In accordance with an inventive feature, S-correction is obtained in the same manner for any degree of zoom that is selected. Advantageously, the same circuit can provide the required S-correction for any deflection frequencies selected from a wide range of frequencies. Such feature is obtained because S-correction does not depend on reactive impedances that are frequency dependent.

FIG. 5 illustrates a graphical representation of the linearity error when the arrangement of FIG. 1b is utilized. For comparison purposes, FIG. 6 illustrates a graphical representation of the linearity error when transistors U01C and U01B of FIG. 1b are biased, in a manner not shown, to operate with a constant gain throughout vertical trace. Thus, FIG. 6 illustrates the situation when no S-correction is provided.

The linearity error in FIGS. 5 and 6 is shown as a function of the vertical position on the faceplate of CRT 22 of FIG. 1c. The linearity error measurement was obtained using a crosshatch pattern with 13 horizontal lines. The linearity error of a given pair of adjacent lines is obtained by measuring a vertical distance between all adjacent pairs of lines and finding the average or mean value of the vertical distances between adjacent line pairs. Linearity error is the difference between a given line pair spacing and the mean spacing divided by the mean spacing. The resulting fraction is expressed in a percentage form in FIGS. 5 and 6. Thus, the linearity error without S-correction shown in FIG. 6 varies in a range of +6% to -3% for a total of error range of 9%. Whereas, advantageously, with the S-correction of FIG. 1b, the linearity error shown in FIG. 5 varies in a range of +2.5% to -2.5%, for a total error range of 5% that is approximately one-half the error without S-correction.

When top panning is utilized, signal VRESET of FIG. 2c that controls the beginning of the trace portion of signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 of FIG. 1b is produced from or synchronized to a vertical synchronization pulse signal SYNC of FIG. 2e. Signal SYNC is associated with the picture information that immediately follows signal SYNC in signal SNTSC. Signal SYNC occurs immediately prior to an image interval IMAGE of signal SNTSC. Image interval IMAGE of FIG. 2e contains the picture information that is, for example, presently displayed in CRT 22 of FIG. 1c. Interval IMAGE of FIG. 2e is referred to herein as the presently displayed image interval. Only signal SYNC of FIG. 2e that occurs immediately prior to interval IMAGE is associated with interval IMAGE, in accordance with the standard NTSC definition of signal SNTSC of FIG. 1a. Thus, the vertical trace portion of deflection current iy begins after the same delay time with respect to the vertical sync pulse, associated with the corresponding presently displayed image interval, in each field or image interval. As a result, deflection current iy of FIG. 1 c is properly synchronized in each period. Therefore, advantageously, field-to-field variations of sync signal SYNC will not cause vertical position variations of the displayed picture.

FIG. 3a illustrates in solid lines an example of the waveform of deflection current iy when a zoom mode of operation is selected. FIG. 3d illustrates schematically an example of the timing diagram of signal SNTSC of FIG. 1a. An interval 301 of interval IMAGE of FIG. 3d contains the picture information of the top half of the picture that would be displayed in a non-zoom mode of operation. An interval 300 contains the picture information of the bottom half of such picture.

A top panning mode of operation is obtained when a bottom portion of the displayed picture is cropped by a greater amount than a top portion. Thus, the example of FIGS. 3a and 3d depicts maximum top panning. This is so because a video line TOP that is the first video line of interval 301 of FIG. 3d capable of providing picture information in the non-zoom mode of operation is also the first video line to provide the picture information in the maximum top panning mode of operation of FIGS. 3a and 3d.

To provide regular, non-zoom mode of operation, the beginning time of a trace portion of current iy of FIG. 3a, shown in broken lines, may be delayed slightly less to keep the same video element at the top of the screen. The difference in delay compensates for the difference, that occurs in the beginning of vertical trace, between the rate of change of current iy of FIG. 3a in the zoom mode of operation and that in the regular, non-zoom mode of operation.

Signal SYNC of, for example, FIG. 3d controls the beginning time of vertical trace. Vertical trace begins, in each vertical field, at time t0 of FIGS. 3a-3d. Thus, vertical trace is synchronized on the basis of, for example, signal SYNC of FIG. 3d that occurs immediately prior to interval 301 of image interval IMAGE. Signal SYNC is associated with the presently displayed image interval IMAGE. In contrast, in the aforementioned Rodriguez-Cavazos, et al., arrangement, the sync signal that is associated with the preceding, and not with the presently displayed image interval, is utilized for synchronizing vertical trace when top panning is provided. Therefore, the aforementioned possibility for picture misalignment is advantageously prevented.

The example of FIGS. 4a and 4b illustrates the case when a video line BOTTOM that is the last video line of interval 300 of image interval IMAGE of FIG. 4b capable of providing picture information in the non-zoom mode of operation is also the last video line displayed to provide for maximum bottom panning. Similar symbols and numerals in FIGS. 4a, 4b, 3a-3d, 2a-2e and 1a-1c indicate similar items or functions. The delay of current iy of FIG. 4a with respect to signal SNTSC of FIG. 4b is significantly larger than the delay of current iy of FIG. 3a with respect to signal SNTSC of FIG. 3d.

Advantageously, deflection circuit 11 of FIG. 1c utilizes a positive supply voltage V+ and does not require a negative supply voltage for generating alternating current iy. In this way, the power supply, not shown, is simplified. Current limiting resistor R70 is coupled to voltage V+ for generating, via transistor Q46, the half supply voltage at terminal 11c.

It may be desirable to reduce the average or D.C. current through current limiting resistor R70 so that a large value of resistor R70 can be installed. The large value of resistor R70 is desirable to provide for current limitation so that excessive deflection current iy may be prevented when a fault condition occurs. Such fault condition may occur, for example, when output terminal 11b of amplifier 11a is shorted and assumes ground potential. It may also be desirable to prevent excessive deflection current iy in order to avoid damage to the neck of CRT 22 by a beam current strike.

Therefore, advantageously, deflection current iy is reduced or limited, in the zoom mode of operation, between time t1 of FIG. 3a, at the end of vertical trace, and time t2, immediately prior to the beginning of the next vertical retrace. To reduce current iy, microprocessor 10a of FIG. 1a generates a pulse signal B of FIG. 2b having a leading edge LEB that occurs when deflection current iy of FIG. 1c reaches a peak magnitude -Ip of FIG. 3a corresponding to the bottom of the raster. In a manner not shown, signal B is also used for beam blanking purposes, during interval t1-t2.

Signal B and an output signal of flip-flop 10b of FIG. 1a are coupled to a flip-flop 12 for producing, via a transistor Q2C, a pulse signal D at the base of a switching transistor Q2C of FIG. 1b. Signal D has a leading edge LED that substantially coincides with leading edge LEB of pulse signal B of FIG. 2b and a trailing edge TED that substantially coincides with a leading edge LEA of pulse signal A. When signal D of FIG. 2d is at a TRUE state, transistor Q2C of FIG. 1c is conductive. When transistor Q2C is conductive, sawtooth signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 vary in accordance with signal VSAW.

Between its leading edge LED and trailing edge TED, signal D is at the FALSE state and causes transistor Q2C of FIG. 1b to be nonconductive. When transistor Q2C is nonconductive, the collector current of transistor U02C decreases, a collector voltage of transistor U02C increases and transistor U01B is turned off. Therefore, the reduced collector current of transistor U02C flows entirely through the emitter of transistor U01C. Because the collector current in transistor U02C is reduced, the voltage difference between signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 of FIGS. 3b and 3c, respectively, during interval t1-t2, becomes substantially smaller than prior to the occurrence of the leading edge of pulse signal B of FIG. 1a. Therefore, deflection current iy of FIG. 3a, that is proportional to the voltage difference between signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2, of FIGS. 3b and 3c, respectively, becomes small such as, for example, 25% of -Ip.

Because of the fast change in signal VRAMP1 in the vicinity of time t1 of FIG. 3b, deflection amplifier 11a ceases operating in a linear feedback mode and a voltage VB at the supply terminal is applied to deflection winding Ly. A retrace voltage V_(11b) is produced immediately after time t1 and also immediately after time t2 of FIG. 3a, or twice in a given deflection cycle. A switch 11f 1 of FIG. 1c of a boost stage 11f causes a capacitor 11g to be coupled in series with a boost capacitor 11e. Capacitor 11e is charged via a diode X and a switch 11f2 from the +26 V supply voltage V+, during vertical trace. A supply voltage, developed across filter capacitor 11g, is summed up with a voltage developed across boost capacitor 11e so as to form boost voltage VB. Voltage VB is decoupled from the +26 V supply voltage V+ via diode X, when boost voltage VB is formed.

During a short interval t1-t1' of FIG. 3a, a first partial retrace portion RETRACE1 of current iy is produced during which a first partial retrace operation is performed. During a following interval, t1'-t2, deflection amplifier 11a of FIG. 1c operates again in a linear feedback mode of operation. Linear operation is resumed because signals VRAMP1 and VRAMP2 are at constant levels sufficiently long time for obtaining a steady state feedback mode of operation.

During a second portion RETRACE2, a second partial retrace operation is performed. At time t2, stored magnetic energy in winding Ly of FIG. 1c is determined by the relatively small magnitude of current iy of FIG. 3a in deflection winding Ly of FIG. 1c. The aforementioned stored magnetic energy at time t2 of FIG. 3a is used to activate switch 11f1 for generating vertical retrace voltage V_(11b) at terminal 11b of FIG. 1c that is larger than voltage V+. As previously discussed, switch 11f1 produces boost voltage VB when retrace voltage V_(11b) at terminal 11b becomes larger than voltage V+.

Advantageously, current iy at time t2 of FIG. 3a has a low but non-zero, negative level. The negative polarity of current is at time t2 causes retrace voltage V_(11b) of FIG. 1c to be at the required polarity for activating switch 11f1. Boost voltage VB that is approximately equal to twice the value of voltage V+ is applied to the transistor output stage, not shown, of amplifier 11a. Advantageously, voltage VB reduces the length of second retrace portion RETRACE2 of FIG. 3a needed for deflection current iy to attain the positive peak level +, that occurs after leading edge LEA of FIG. 2b.

Without the voltage boost retrace speed-up function, when non-zoom or a small degree of zoom is selected, the time available for retrace portion RETRACE12 of FIG. 3a might not be sufficient for performing the retrace operation. When the small degree of zoom is selected, the time available for retrace portion RETRACE2 is shorter than when a higher degree of zoom is selected. Thus, advantageously, the reduction in the average value of current iy of FIG. 3a is accomplished without sacrificing the advantageous usage of the voltage boost function.

The voltage boost function is also utilized, during interval t1-t1', in retrace portion RETRACE 1. Interval t1-t1' occurs immediately after trace interval t0-t1. Thus, each of retrace portions RETRACE1 and RETRACE2 is speeded up by the operation of boost stage 11f. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A video deflection apparatus, comprising:a cathode ray tube; a vertical deflection winding mounted on a neck of said cathode ray tube; a deflection amplifier for generating a vertical deflection current in said deflection winding; a source of a sawtooth signal at a frequency that is related to a vertical deflection frequency that varies in a ramping manner during trace; and a first transistor responsive to said sawtooth signal and coupled to an input side of said deflection amplifier to control said deflection current via said transistor in a ramping manner in accordance with the ramping manner variation of said sawtooth signal such that a ratio between said deflection current and said sawtooth signal varies during trace in accordance with a nonlinearity introduced by said transistor to provide for vertical S-correction in said cathode ray tube.
 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising, a second transistor having a first main current conducting terminal that is coupled via a first impedance to a first main current conducting terminal of said first transistor to form a differential amplifier such that a gain of said amplifier is reduced at a vertical top with respect to the gain at a vertical center by the operation of one of said transistors and is reduced at a vertical bottom, by the operation of the other one of said transistors.
 3. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said second transistor develops a second sawtooth signal that is coupled to said input side of said deflection amplifier.
 4. An apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising, a second impedance coupled to a second main current conducting terminal of said first transistor for developing a third sawtooth signal and a third impedance coupled to a second main current conducting terminal of said second transistor for developing said second sawtooth signal that is complementary with respect to said third sawtooth signal, wherein said deflection amplifier generates said deflection current in accordance with a difference between said complementary sawtooth signals.
 5. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said deflection current is S-corrected mainly in accordance with nonlinear characteristics of each of said first and second transistors of said differential amplifier.
 6. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a main component of a current in said transistor varies in a sawtooth manner. 